<rss xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0"><channel><title>System-Programming - 标签 - 星河拾贝录</title><link>https://blog.liubang.cc/tags/system-programming/</link><description>System-Programming - 标签 - 星河拾贝录</description><generator>Hugo -- gohugo.io</generator><language>zh-CN</language><managingEditor>it.liubang@gmail.com (liubang)</managingEditor><webMaster>it.liubang@gmail.com (liubang)</webMaster><copyright>Copyright © 2019-2026 LiuBang. All Rights Reserved.</copyright><lastBuildDate>Sun, 18 Aug 2019 00:00:00 +0000</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://blog.liubang.cc/tags/system-programming/" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>使用c语言模拟lisp语法</title><link>https://blog.liubang.cc/posts/system/2019-08-18-c%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E6%A8%A1%E6%8B%9Flisp%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95/</link><pubDate>Sun, 18 Aug 2019 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author><name>liubang</name></author><guid>https://blog.liubang.cc/posts/system/2019-08-18-c%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E6%A8%A1%E6%8B%9Flisp%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95/</guid><description><![CDATA[<p>使用 c 语言的 macro 操作，能够很简单的用 c 语言模拟 lisp 语法。</p>
<h3 id="下面我们来定义-lisph-头文件" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#%e4%b8%8b%e9%9d%a2%e6%88%91%e4%bb%ac%e6%9d%a5%e5%ae%9a%e4%b9%89-lisph-%e5%a4%b4%e6%96%87%e4%bb%b6" class="header-mark"></a>下面我们来定义 lisp.h 头文件</h3><div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw:group tw:my-2">
  <div class="
    
    tw:flex 
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          <span class="tw:select-none tw:my-1! tw:block">text</span>
      </button>

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        class="
          line-number-button
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        title="Toggle line numbers"><svg class="icon"
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  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw:block tw:m-0 tw:p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-9" 
    class="
      chroma 
      tw:block! 
      tw:p-0
      tw:m-0
      tw:transition-[max-height] 
      tw:duration-500 
      tw:ease-in-out 
      tw:group-[.is-closed]:max-h-0! 
      tw:group-[.is-wrap]:text-wrap
      tw:overflow-y-hidden
      tw:overflow-x-auto
      tw:scrollbar-thin
      "><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">#ifndef LISP_H_OTE1HWPK
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">#define LISP_H_OTE1HWPK
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">#include</span> <span class="cpf">&lt;stdio.h&gt;</span><span class="cp">
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">#include</span> <span class="cpf">&lt;stdlib.h&gt;</span><span class="cp">
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">#define define(ret, name, args, block) \
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">    ret name args { return block; }
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">#define if(expr, block1, block2) \
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">    expr ? block1 : block2
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">#define eq(a, b) \
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">    a == b
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">#define neq(a, b) \
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">    a != b
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">#define sub(a, b) \
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">    a - b
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">#define mul(a, b) \
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">    a * b
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">#define add(a, b) \
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">    a + b
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">#define div(a, b) \
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">    a / b
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">#endif </span><span class="cm">/* end of include guard: LISP_H_OTE1HWPK */</span></span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<h3 id="然后来用类似于-lisp-的语法编写一段求阶乘的代码" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#%e7%84%b6%e5%90%8e%e6%9d%a5%e7%94%a8%e7%b1%bb%e4%bc%bc%e4%ba%8e-lisp-%e7%9a%84%e8%af%ad%e6%b3%95%e7%bc%96%e5%86%99%e4%b8%80%e6%ae%b5%e6%b1%82%e9%98%b6%e4%b9%98%e7%9a%84%e4%bb%a3%e7%a0%81" class="header-mark"></a>然后来用类似于 lisp 的语法编写一段求阶乘的代码：</h3><div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw:group tw:my-2">
  <div class="
    
    tw:flex 
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    tw:flex-1 
    tw:justify-between 
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        code-block-button
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          <span class="tw:select-none tw:my-1! tw:block">c</span>
      </button>

   <div class="tw:flex">
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        class="
          line-number-button
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        title="Toggle line numbers"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M61.77 401l17.5-20.15a19.92 19.92 0 0 0 5.07-14.19v-3.31C84.34 356 80.5 352 73 352H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8h22.83a157.41 157.41 0 0 0-11 12.31l-5.61 7c-4 5.07-5.25 10.13-2.8 14.88l1.05 1.93c3 5.76 6.29 7.88 12.25 7.88h4.73c10.33 0 15.94 2.44 15.94 9.09 0 4.72-4.2 8.22-14.36 8.22a41.54 41.54 0 0 1-15.47-3.12c-6.49-3.88-11.74-3.5-15.6 3.12l-5.59 9.31c-3.72 6.13-3.19 11.72 2.63 15.94 7.71 4.69 20.38 9.44 37 9.44 34.16 0 48.5-22.75 48.5-44.12-.03-14.38-9.12-29.76-28.73-34.88zM496 224H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0-160H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V80a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0 320H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zM16 160h64a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H64V40a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H32a8 8 0 0 0-7.14 4.42l-8 16A8 8 0 0 0 24 64h8v64H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8zm-3.91 160H80a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H41.32c3.29-10.29 48.34-18.68 48.34-56.44 0-29.06-25-39.56-44.47-39.56-21.36 0-33.8 10-40.46 18.75-4.37 5.59-3 10.84 2.8 15.37l8.58 6.88c5.61 4.56 11 2.47 16.12-2.44a13.44 13.44 0 0 1 9.46-3.84c3.33 0 9.28 1.56 9.28 8.75C51 248.19 0 257.31 0 304.59v4C0 316 5.08 320 12.09 320z"/></svg></button>

      <button 
        class="
          wrap-code-button
          tw:select-none 
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          tw:group-[.is-wrap]:text-fgColor-link 
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        title="Toggle code wrap"><svg class="icon"
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      <button 
        class="
          copy-code-button
          tw:select-none
          tw:mx-2 
          tw:hidden
          tw:group-[.is-open]:block
          tw:hover:text-fgColor-link 
          tw:print:hidden!"
        title="Copy code">
          <span class="copy-icon tw:block"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M433.941 65.941l-51.882-51.882A48 48 0 0 0 348.118 0H176c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v48H48c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v320c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h224c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48v-48h80c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48V99.882a48 48 0 0 0-14.059-33.941zM266 464H54a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V150a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h74v224c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h96v42a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm128-96H182a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V54a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h106v88c0 13.255 10.745 24 24 24h88v202a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm6-256h-64V48h9.632c1.591 0 3.117.632 4.243 1.757l48.368 48.368a6 6 0 0 1 1.757 4.243V112z"/></svg></span>
          <span class="check-icon tw:hidden"><svg class="icon"
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      <button 
        class="
          tw:select-none 
          tw:mx-2 
          tw:block 
          tw:group-[.is-open]:hidden 
          tw:print:hidden!" 
        disabled
        aria-hidden="true"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M328 256c0 39.8-32.2 72-72 72s-72-32.2-72-72 32.2-72 72-72 72 32.2 72 72zm104-72c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72zm-352 0c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72z"/></svg></button>
    </div>
  </div>
  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw:block tw:m-0 tw:p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-10" 
    class="
      chroma 
      tw:block! 
      tw:p-0
      tw:m-0
      tw:transition-[max-height] 
      tw:duration-500 
      tw:ease-in-out 
      tw:group-[.is-closed]:max-h-0! 
      tw:group-[.is-wrap]:text-wrap
      tw:overflow-y-hidden
      tw:overflow-x-auto
      tw:scrollbar-thin
      "><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="nf">define</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">factorial</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">n</span><span class="p">),</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">       <span class="k">if</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">eq</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">),</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">          <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">          <span class="nf">mul</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nf">factorial</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">sub</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)))))</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="nf">define</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">main</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="p">),</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">       <span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#34;10! = %d</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">&#34;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nf">factorial</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)),</span> <span class="n">EXIT_SUCCESS</span><span class="p">))</span></span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<h3 id="编写-makefile" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#%e7%bc%96%e5%86%99-makefile" class="header-mark"></a>编写 Makefile:</h3><div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw:group tw:my-2">
  <div class="
    
    tw:flex 
    tw:flex-row
    tw:flex-1 
    tw:justify-between 
    tw:w-full tw:bg-bgColor-secondary
    ">      
    <button 
      class="
        code-block-button
        tw:mx-2 
        tw:flex
        tw:flex-row
        tw:flex-1"
      aria-hidden="true">
          <span class="tw:group-[.is-open]:rotate-90 tw:transition-[transform] tw:duration-500 tw:ease-in-out tw:print:hidden! tw:w-min tw:h-min tw:my-1 tw:mx-1"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"/></svg></span>
          <span class="tw:select-none tw:my-1! tw:block">text</span>
      </button>

   <div class="tw:flex">
      <button 
        class="
          line-number-button
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          tw:group-[.show-line-numbers]:text-fgColor-link 
          tw:print:hidden!" 
        title="Toggle line numbers"><svg class="icon"
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      <button 
        class="
          wrap-code-button
          tw:select-none 
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          tw:group-[.is-wrap]:text-fgColor-link 
          tw:print:hidden!" 
        title="Toggle code wrap"><svg class="icon"
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      <button 
        class="
          copy-code-button
          tw:select-none
          tw:mx-2 
          tw:hidden
          tw:group-[.is-open]:block
          tw:hover:text-fgColor-link 
          tw:print:hidden!"
        title="Copy code">
          <span class="copy-icon tw:block"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M433.941 65.941l-51.882-51.882A48 48 0 0 0 348.118 0H176c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v48H48c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v320c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h224c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48v-48h80c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48V99.882a48 48 0 0 0-14.059-33.941zM266 464H54a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V150a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h74v224c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h96v42a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm128-96H182a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V54a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h106v88c0 13.255 10.745 24 24 24h88v202a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm6-256h-64V48h9.632c1.591 0 3.117.632 4.243 1.757l48.368 48.368a6 6 0 0 1 1.757 4.243V112z"/></svg></span>
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    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M173.898 439.404l-166.4-166.4c-9.997-9.997-9.997-26.206 0-36.204l36.203-36.204c9.997-9.998 26.207-9.998 36.204 0L192 312.69 432.095 72.596c9.997-9.997 26.207-9.997 36.204 0l36.203 36.204c9.997 9.997 9.997 26.206 0 36.204l-294.4 294.401c-9.998 9.997-26.207 9.997-36.204-.001z"/></svg></span>
      </button>
        
      <button 
        class="
          tw:select-none 
          tw:mx-2 
          tw:block 
          tw:group-[.is-open]:hidden 
          tw:print:hidden!" 
        disabled
        aria-hidden="true"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M328 256c0 39.8-32.2 72-72 72s-72-32.2-72-72 32.2-72 72-72 72 32.2 72 72zm104-72c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72zm-352 0c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72z"/></svg></button>
    </div>
  </div>
  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw:block tw:m-0 tw:p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-11" 
    class="
      chroma 
      tw:block! 
      tw:p-0
      tw:m-0
      tw:transition-[max-height] 
      tw:duration-500 
      tw:ease-in-out 
      tw:group-[.is-closed]:max-h-0! 
      tw:group-[.is-wrap]:text-wrap
      tw:overflow-y-hidden
      tw:overflow-x-auto
      tw:scrollbar-thin
      "><span class="line"><span class="cl">CFLAGS = -Wall -include &#34;lisp.h&#34;
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">TARGET=factorial
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">all:
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">	gcc -o $(TARGET) $(TARGET).c $(CFLAGS)
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">clean:
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">	rm -f $(TARGET)</span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<h3 id="编译并运行" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#%e7%bc%96%e8%af%91%e5%b9%b6%e8%bf%90%e8%a1%8c" class="header-mark"></a>编译并运行：</h3><div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw:group tw:my-2">
  <div class="
    
    tw:flex 
    tw:flex-row
    tw:flex-1 
    tw:justify-between 
    tw:w-full tw:bg-bgColor-secondary
    ">      
    <button 
      class="
        code-block-button
        tw:mx-2 
        tw:flex
        tw:flex-row
        tw:flex-1"
      aria-hidden="true">
          <span class="tw:group-[.is-open]:rotate-90 tw:transition-[transform] tw:duration-500 tw:ease-in-out tw:print:hidden! tw:w-min tw:h-min tw:my-1 tw:mx-1"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"/></svg></span>
          <span class="tw:select-none tw:my-1! tw:block">text</span>
      </button>

   <div class="tw:flex">
      <button 
        class="
          line-number-button
          tw:mx-2 
          tw:hidden 
          tw:group-[.is-open]:block 
          tw:group-[.show-line-numbers]:text-fgColor-link 
          tw:print:hidden!" 
        title="Toggle line numbers"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M61.77 401l17.5-20.15a19.92 19.92 0 0 0 5.07-14.19v-3.31C84.34 356 80.5 352 73 352H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8h22.83a157.41 157.41 0 0 0-11 12.31l-5.61 7c-4 5.07-5.25 10.13-2.8 14.88l1.05 1.93c3 5.76 6.29 7.88 12.25 7.88h4.73c10.33 0 15.94 2.44 15.94 9.09 0 4.72-4.2 8.22-14.36 8.22a41.54 41.54 0 0 1-15.47-3.12c-6.49-3.88-11.74-3.5-15.6 3.12l-5.59 9.31c-3.72 6.13-3.19 11.72 2.63 15.94 7.71 4.69 20.38 9.44 37 9.44 34.16 0 48.5-22.75 48.5-44.12-.03-14.38-9.12-29.76-28.73-34.88zM496 224H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0-160H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V80a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0 320H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zM16 160h64a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H64V40a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H32a8 8 0 0 0-7.14 4.42l-8 16A8 8 0 0 0 24 64h8v64H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8zm-3.91 160H80a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H41.32c3.29-10.29 48.34-18.68 48.34-56.44 0-29.06-25-39.56-44.47-39.56-21.36 0-33.8 10-40.46 18.75-4.37 5.59-3 10.84 2.8 15.37l8.58 6.88c5.61 4.56 11 2.47 16.12-2.44a13.44 13.44 0 0 1 9.46-3.84c3.33 0 9.28 1.56 9.28 8.75C51 248.19 0 257.31 0 304.59v4C0 316 5.08 320 12.09 320z"/></svg></button>

      <button 
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          wrap-code-button
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        title="Toggle code wrap"><svg class="icon"
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      <button 
        class="
          copy-code-button
          tw:select-none
          tw:mx-2 
          tw:hidden
          tw:group-[.is-open]:block
          tw:hover:text-fgColor-link 
          tw:print:hidden!"
        title="Copy code">
          <span class="copy-icon tw:block"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M433.941 65.941l-51.882-51.882A48 48 0 0 0 348.118 0H176c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v48H48c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v320c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h224c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48v-48h80c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48V99.882a48 48 0 0 0-14.059-33.941zM266 464H54a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V150a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h74v224c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h96v42a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm128-96H182a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V54a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h106v88c0 13.255 10.745 24 24 24h88v202a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm6-256h-64V48h9.632c1.591 0 3.117.632 4.243 1.757l48.368 48.368a6 6 0 0 1 1.757 4.243V112z"/></svg></span>
          <span class="check-icon tw:hidden"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M173.898 439.404l-166.4-166.4c-9.997-9.997-9.997-26.206 0-36.204l36.203-36.204c9.997-9.998 26.207-9.998 36.204 0L192 312.69 432.095 72.596c9.997-9.997 26.207-9.997 36.204 0l36.203 36.204c9.997 9.997 9.997 26.206 0 36.204l-294.4 294.401c-9.998 9.997-26.207 9.997-36.204-.001z"/></svg></span>
      </button>
        
      <button 
        class="
          tw:select-none 
          tw:mx-2 
          tw:block 
          tw:group-[.is-open]:hidden 
          tw:print:hidden!" 
        disabled
        aria-hidden="true"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M328 256c0 39.8-32.2 72-72 72s-72-32.2-72-72 32.2-72 72-72 72 32.2 72 72zm104-72c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72zm-352 0c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72z"/></svg></button>
    </div>
  </div>
  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw:block tw:m-0 tw:p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-12" 
    class="
      chroma 
      tw:block! 
      tw:p-0
      tw:m-0
      tw:transition-[max-height] 
      tw:duration-500 
      tw:ease-in-out 
      tw:group-[.is-closed]:max-h-0! 
      tw:group-[.is-wrap]:text-wrap
      tw:overflow-y-hidden
      tw:overflow-x-auto
      tw:scrollbar-thin
      "><span class="line"><span class="cl">liubang@venux-dev:~$ make
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">gcc -o factorial factorial.c -Wall -include &#34;lisp.h&#34;
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">liubang@venux-dev:~$ ./factorial
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">10! = 3628800</span></span></code></pre>
</div>]]></description></item><item><title>动态连接器技巧之使用LD_PRELOAD改变程序的行为</title><link>https://blog.liubang.cc/posts/system/2019-07-18-%E5%8A%A8%E6%80%81%E8%BF%9E%E6%8E%A5%E5%99%A8%E6%8A%80%E5%B7%A7%E4%B9%8B%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8ld_preload%E6%94%B9%E5%8F%98%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F%E7%9A%84%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA/</link><pubDate>Thu, 18 Jul 2019 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author><name>liubang</name></author><guid>https://blog.liubang.cc/posts/system/2019-07-18-%E5%8A%A8%E6%80%81%E8%BF%9E%E6%8E%A5%E5%99%A8%E6%8A%80%E5%B7%A7%E4%B9%8B%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8ld_preload%E6%94%B9%E5%8F%98%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F%E7%9A%84%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA/</guid><description><![CDATA[<p>我们有这样一段简单的代码，用来输出 10 个[0, 100)的随机数：</p>
<div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw:group tw:my-2">
  <div class="
    
    tw:flex 
    tw:flex-row
    tw:flex-1 
    tw:justify-between 
    tw:w-full tw:bg-bgColor-secondary
    ">      
    <button 
      class="
        code-block-button
        tw:mx-2 
        tw:flex
        tw:flex-row
        tw:flex-1"
      aria-hidden="true">
          <span class="tw:group-[.is-open]:rotate-90 tw:transition-[transform] tw:duration-500 tw:ease-in-out tw:print:hidden! tw:w-min tw:h-min tw:my-1 tw:mx-1"><svg class="icon"
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  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw:block tw:m-0 tw:p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-1" 
    class="
      chroma 
      tw:block! 
      tw:p-0
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      "><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1">// random.c
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">#include</span> <span class="cpf">&lt;stdio.h&gt;</span><span class="cp">
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">#include</span> <span class="cpf">&lt;stdlib.h&gt;</span><span class="cp">
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">#include</span> <span class="cpf">&lt;time.h&gt;</span><span class="cp">
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="kt">int</span> <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="nf">srand</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">time</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">));</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">--</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="nf">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#34;%d</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">&#34;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nf">rand</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">}</span></span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<p>编译运行：</p>]]></description></item><item><title>多线程编程</title><link>https://blog.liubang.cc/posts/system/2018-12-05-%E5%A4%9A%E7%BA%BF%E7%A8%8B%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B/</link><pubDate>Wed, 05 Dec 2018 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author><name>liubang</name></author><guid>https://blog.liubang.cc/posts/system/2018-12-05-%E5%A4%9A%E7%BA%BF%E7%A8%8B%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B/</guid><description><![CDATA[<h2 id="开始之前" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#%e5%bc%80%e5%a7%8b%e4%b9%8b%e5%89%8d" class="header-mark"></a>开始之前</h2><p>这篇文章主要是为了帮助大家熟悉 POSIX 线程库以及在实际开发中使用它的特性。我们会具体讲解如何利用这个线程库定义的不同工具
来解决编程中的问题。当然这里隐含了一个假设，就是读者已经了解过并行编程（或者多进程）的相关概念，如果没有这些背景知识
的话，读者可能会感觉到很难理解。不过也没关系，我的另一篇教程里边有专门为只具备线性编程思维的读者提供了对并行编程理论
和相关术语的讲解。</p>
<p>同样的，我假设聪明的你已经熟悉了异步编程模型，那些经常使用桌面环境的人会更容易去接受多线程编程的理念。</p>
<p>当我们谈到 POSIX 线程的时候，肯定会有人心生疑惑：“我们应该使用哪个标准下的 POSIX 线程？”。由于 POSIX 线程标准已经修订了好
多年，人们会发现，依据不同标准的实现有不同的函数集，不同的默认值和不同的细微差别。所以在此说明的是，本教程使用的是 v0.5 版的 Linux 内核中的线程库，使用其他操作系统和使用其他版本的读者，需要阅读一下你们对应的系统文档来同本文中的实例进行对应。同时，有些示例代码中使用到了阻塞式的系统调用，它们不能再用户级的线程库中很好的工作（参考另一篇文章：<a href="http://www.actcom.co.il/~choo/lupg/tutorials/parallel-programming-theory/parallel-programming-theory.html#multi_thread_lib" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">parallel programming theory tutorial</a> 来获取详细信息）。好了，说了那么多，主要是为了能保证文章中的示例代码能够在其他系统中正常使用，从而提高跨平台性。</p>
<h2 id="什么是线程为什么要使用线程" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#%e4%bb%80%e4%b9%88%e6%98%af%e7%ba%bf%e7%a8%8b%e4%b8%ba%e4%bb%80%e4%b9%88%e8%a6%81%e4%bd%bf%e7%94%a8%e7%ba%bf%e7%a8%8b" class="header-mark"></a>什么是线程？为什么要使用线程？</h2><p>线程是一个迷你版的进程，它们拥有自己的栈，能够执行给定的一段代码。但是不同于进程的是，线程通常与其他线程共享记忆体（而
每个进程都拥有一个独立的记忆体区域）。一个线程组就是一个执行相同代码的线程的集合，他们共用记忆体，可以访问相同的全局变
量，拥有同样的文件描述符等等，他们以并行的方式执行（可能是时间片的方式，或者对于多核心系统，他们会真正平行执行）。</p>
<p>使用线程组而不是普通顺序执行程序的好处是多个操作可以同时进行，当一些事件产生的时候，他们能立马被处理（例如：如果我们有
一个线程处理用户接口，另一个线程处理数据库查询，那么我们可以在处理很多用户查询的同时，依然能够响应用户的输入）。</p>
<p>使用线程组而不是进程组的好处是线程间的上下文切换要比进程间的上下文切换要快很多（上下文切换是指系统从一个正在运行的线程或进程切换到去执行另一个线程或进程）。此外，线程间的通信也远远比进程间通信要高效很多。</p>
<p>线程编程有利也有弊，由于线程组共享记忆体，如果一个线程破坏了记忆体，那么其他线程也要受到牵连。但是进程就不同了，操作系
统会将进程之间隔离开，如果一个进程破坏了它的记忆体，那么其他进程不会受到影响。使用进程的另一个好处是，不同的进程可以运
行在不同的机器上，但是线程必须运行在同一台机器上（至少通常情况下是这样的）。</p>
<h2 id="创建和销毁线程" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#%e5%88%9b%e5%bb%ba%e5%92%8c%e9%94%80%e6%af%81%e7%ba%bf%e7%a8%8b" class="header-mark"></a>创建和销毁线程</h2><p>当一个多线程程序启动执行到<code>main()</code>函数的时候，就会有一个线程运行，这是一个全程线程（full-fledged thread，或者叫主线程），如果想创建一个新的线程，程序中需要使用<code>pthread_create()</code>函数</p>
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  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw:block tw:m-0 tw:p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-1" 
    class="
      chroma 
      tw:block! 
      tw:p-0
      tw:m-0
      tw:transition-[max-height] 
      tw:duration-500 
      tw:ease-in-out 
      tw:group-[.is-closed]:max-h-0! 
      tw:group-[.is-wrap]:text-wrap
      tw:overflow-y-hidden
      tw:overflow-x-auto
      tw:scrollbar-thin
      "><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">#include</span> <span class="cpf">&lt;stdio.h&gt;</span><span class="cp">
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">#include</span> <span class="cpf">&lt;pthread.h&gt;</span><span class="cp">
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="kt">void</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">do_loop</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">void</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">i</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="c1">// counter, to print numbers
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">j</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="c1">// counter, for delay
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">me</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="kt">int</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="n">i</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">        <span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">j</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="n">j</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">50000</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="n">j</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1">// delay loop
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">            <span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">        <span class="nf">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#34;&#39;%d&#39; - Got &#39;%d&#39;</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">&#34;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">me</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">i</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="p">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="c1">// terminate the thread
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="nf">pthread_exit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="kt">int</span> <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">argc</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">[])</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="kt">int</span>       <span class="n">thr_id</span><span class="p">;</span>    <span class="c1">// thread ID for the newly created thread
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="kt">pthread_t</span> <span class="n">p_thread</span><span class="p">;</span>  <span class="c1">// thread&#39;s structure
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>           <span class="c1">// thread 1 identifying number
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">b</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">;</span>           <span class="c1">// thread 2 identifying number
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="c1">// create a new thread that will execute &#39;do_loop()&#39;
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="n">thr_id</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nf">pthread_create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="n">p_thread</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">do_loop</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">void</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="c1">// run &#39;do_loop&#39; in the main thread as well
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="nf">do_loop</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="kt">void</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">}</span></span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<p>上述这段代码需要特殊说明的是：</p>]]></description></item><item><title>理解c语言中的声明</title><link>https://blog.liubang.cc/posts/system/2017-09-12-%E7%90%86%E8%A7%A3c%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%A3%B0%E6%98%8E/</link><pubDate>Tue, 12 Sep 2017 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author><name>liubang</name></author><guid>https://blog.liubang.cc/posts/system/2017-09-12-%E7%90%86%E8%A7%A3c%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%A3%B0%E6%98%8E/</guid><description><![CDATA[<p>在阅读优秀的 c 语言开源程式的时候，我们经常会看到各种复杂的声明，顿时会让我们怀疑人生，怀疑自己是否真的看得懂 c 语言。然而冷静三秒钟，透过现象看本质，发现牛人写的代码并不是“天书”，
也是很好懂的，关键是要冷静和耐心去阅读。</p>
<h2 id="从中的一个例子说起" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#%e4%bb%8e%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e4%b8%80%e4%b8%aa%e4%be%8b%e5%ad%90%e8%af%b4%e8%b5%b7" class="header-mark"></a>从<a href="http://www.literateprogramming.com/ctraps.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">&ldquo;C Traps and Pitfalls&rdquo;</a>中的一个例子说起</h2><div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw:group tw:my-2">
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          <span class="tw:select-none tw:my-1! tw:block">c</span>
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  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw:block tw:m-0 tw:p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-1" 
    class="
      chroma 
      tw:block! 
      tw:p-0
      tw:m-0
      tw:transition-[max-height] 
      tw:duration-500 
      tw:ease-in-out 
      tw:group-[.is-closed]:max-h-0! 
      tw:group-[.is-wrap]:text-wrap
      tw:overflow-y-hidden
      tw:overflow-x-auto
      tw:scrollbar-thin
      "><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)())</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)()</span></span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<p>下面我们来一步步分析：</p>]]></description></item><item><title>彻底掌握malloc</title><link>https://blog.liubang.cc/posts/system/2017-03-17-%E5%BD%BB%E5%BA%95%E6%8E%8C%E6%8F%A1malloc/</link><pubDate>Fri, 17 Mar 2017 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author><name>liubang</name></author><guid>https://blog.liubang.cc/posts/system/2017-03-17-%E5%BD%BB%E5%BA%95%E6%8E%8C%E6%8F%A1malloc/</guid><description><![CDATA[<p>说明：参考文献地址 <a href="http://www.inf.udec.cl/~leo/Malloc_tutorial.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">A Malloc Tutorial</a></p>
<h2 id="1-简介" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#1-%e7%ae%80%e4%bb%8b" class="header-mark"></a>1 简介</h2><p><code>malloc</code>是干什么的？如果你连这个名字都没听过，那么你应该先去了解 Unix 环境下的 c 语言开发，然后再来阅读。对一个程序员而言，<code>malloc</code>是一个在 c 语言中用来分配内存的函数，但是大多数人并不知道它背后真正的原理，甚至有些人认为<code>malloc</code>是 c 语言的关键字或者认为它是系统调用。事实上，<code>malloc</code>是一个再简单不过的函数而已，而且只需要很少的操作系统相关知识就可以让我们彻底理解它的原理。</p>
<p>下面来一步步的实现一个简单的<code>malloc</code>函数，从而帮助我们理解其背后运作的原理。因为仅仅作为说明原理之用，所以这里实现的<code>malloc</code>不会太高效，但是足以说明原理。</p>
<p>什么是 malloc</p>
<p><code>malloc(3)</code>是一个用来分配内存块的标准的 c 语言库函数。它遵循以下规则：</p>
<ul>
<li><code>malloc</code>至少分配所需字节数的内存；</li>
<li><code>malloc</code>返回其所分配内存空间(程序可以成功读写的空间)的指针；</li>
<li>一块内存一旦被<code>malloc</code>分配，其他<code>malloc</code>调用不能再分配该内存块的任何部分，除非指向该内存块的指针被释放掉；</li>
<li><code>malloc</code>应该是可控的：他必须能够很快完成分配并返回；</li>
<li><code>malloc</code>同时应该提供重新分配内存块大小和释放内存的功能</li>
</ul>
<p><code>malloc</code>函数必须遵循以下原型：</p>
<div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw:group tw:my-2">
  <div class="
    
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    tw:flex-row
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    <button 
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        tw:flex-1"
      aria-hidden="true">
          <span class="tw:group-[.is-open]:rotate-90 tw:transition-[transform] tw:duration-500 tw:ease-in-out tw:print:hidden! tw:w-min tw:h-min tw:my-1 tw:mx-1"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"/></svg></span>
          <span class="tw:select-none tw:my-1! tw:block">c</span>
      </button>

   <div class="tw:flex">
      <button 
        class="
          line-number-button
          tw:mx-2 
          tw:hidden 
          tw:group-[.is-open]:block 
          tw:group-[.show-line-numbers]:text-fgColor-link 
          tw:print:hidden!" 
        title="Toggle line numbers"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M61.77 401l17.5-20.15a19.92 19.92 0 0 0 5.07-14.19v-3.31C84.34 356 80.5 352 73 352H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8h22.83a157.41 157.41 0 0 0-11 12.31l-5.61 7c-4 5.07-5.25 10.13-2.8 14.88l1.05 1.93c3 5.76 6.29 7.88 12.25 7.88h4.73c10.33 0 15.94 2.44 15.94 9.09 0 4.72-4.2 8.22-14.36 8.22a41.54 41.54 0 0 1-15.47-3.12c-6.49-3.88-11.74-3.5-15.6 3.12l-5.59 9.31c-3.72 6.13-3.19 11.72 2.63 15.94 7.71 4.69 20.38 9.44 37 9.44 34.16 0 48.5-22.75 48.5-44.12-.03-14.38-9.12-29.76-28.73-34.88zM496 224H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0-160H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V80a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0 320H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zM16 160h64a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H64V40a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H32a8 8 0 0 0-7.14 4.42l-8 16A8 8 0 0 0 24 64h8v64H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8zm-3.91 160H80a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H41.32c3.29-10.29 48.34-18.68 48.34-56.44 0-29.06-25-39.56-44.47-39.56-21.36 0-33.8 10-40.46 18.75-4.37 5.59-3 10.84 2.8 15.37l8.58 6.88c5.61 4.56 11 2.47 16.12-2.44a13.44 13.44 0 0 1 9.46-3.84c3.33 0 9.28 1.56 9.28 8.75C51 248.19 0 257.31 0 304.59v4C0 316 5.08 320 12.09 320z"/></svg></button>

      <button 
        class="
          wrap-code-button
          tw:select-none 
          tw:mx-2 
          tw:hidden 
          tw:group-[.is-open]:block 
          tw:group-[.is-wrap]:text-fgColor-link 
          tw:print:hidden!" 
        title="Toggle code wrap"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M16 132h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16V76c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16C7.163 60 0 67.163 0 76v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16z"/></svg></button>
      
      <button 
        class="
          copy-code-button
          tw:select-none
          tw:mx-2 
          tw:hidden
          tw:group-[.is-open]:block
          tw:hover:text-fgColor-link 
          tw:print:hidden!"
        title="Copy code">
          <span class="copy-icon tw:block"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M433.941 65.941l-51.882-51.882A48 48 0 0 0 348.118 0H176c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v48H48c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v320c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h224c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48v-48h80c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48V99.882a48 48 0 0 0-14.059-33.941zM266 464H54a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V150a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h74v224c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h96v42a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm128-96H182a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V54a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h106v88c0 13.255 10.745 24 24 24h88v202a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm6-256h-64V48h9.632c1.591 0 3.117.632 4.243 1.757l48.368 48.368a6 6 0 0 1 1.757 4.243V112z"/></svg></span>
          <span class="check-icon tw:hidden"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M173.898 439.404l-166.4-166.4c-9.997-9.997-9.997-26.206 0-36.204l36.203-36.204c9.997-9.998 26.207-9.998 36.204 0L192 312.69 432.095 72.596c9.997-9.997 26.207-9.997 36.204 0l36.203 36.204c9.997 9.997 9.997 26.206 0 36.204l-294.4 294.401c-9.998 9.997-26.207 9.997-36.204-.001z"/></svg></span>
      </button>
        
      <button 
        class="
          tw:select-none 
          tw:mx-2 
          tw:block 
          tw:group-[.is-open]:hidden 
          tw:print:hidden!" 
        disabled
        aria-hidden="true"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M328 256c0 39.8-32.2 72-72 72s-72-32.2-72-72 32.2-72 72-72 72 32.2 72 72zm104-72c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72zm-352 0c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72z"/></svg></button>
    </div>
  </div>
  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw:block tw:m-0 tw:p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-1" 
    class="
      chroma 
      tw:block! 
      tw:p-0
      tw:m-0
      tw:transition-[max-height] 
      tw:duration-500 
      tw:ease-in-out 
      tw:group-[.is-closed]:max-h-0! 
      tw:group-[.is-wrap]:text-wrap
      tw:overflow-y-hidden
      tw:overflow-x-auto
      tw:scrollbar-thin
      "><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="kt">void</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">malloc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">size_t</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="p">);</span></span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<p>其中<code>size</code>是所需要的内存大小。如果失败（没有足够的内存空间可以分配），应该返回<code>NULL</code>。</p>]]></description></item></channel></rss>